MATTER
Anything that occupies space and possesses mass is termed as matter.
Matter is made up of small particles. There are intermolecular spaces between the constituent particles of matter. The matter may be classified as follows:
(i) Physical classification Matter may be classified into five states: Solids, liquids, gases, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. Plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate states can be seen in specific conditions.
(i) Chemical classification Matter may be classified into
(a) pure substances (elements and compounds)
(b) mixtures
🇮🇳States of Matter
Almost all substances exist in three states under appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure.
1. Solids
Characteristics of solids are as follows:
(i) Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.
(ii) Intermolecular forces operating between the molecules are very strong due to which their positions are fixed. Molecules can only vibrate to and fro about their mean position.
(ii) Molecules are closely packed and associated with minimum energy.
Note
-💧The melting point of a solid is an indication of strength of intermolecular forces of attraction.
-💧Melting point of a solid s strength of intermolecular forces Solids can be of the following two types:
(i) Amorphous solids Constituent particles do not possess the orderly arrangement over the long range. e.g., glass, rubber and plastic etc. Glass is a supercooled liquid,
(ii) Crystalline solids Constituent particles are arranged in an orderly arrangement over the long range, e.g. graphite, diamond, NaCl etc.
(iii)Crystalline solids can be further classified as:
(a) Ionic solids Constituent particles are ions and interparticle forces are strong electrostatic forces of attraction, e.g. NaCl, BaCl2, ZnS.
(b) Metallic solids Constituent particles are positively charged kernels and free electrons. Interparticle forces are metallic bonds. e.g. Fe, Cu, Al etc.
(c) Covalent solids Constituent particles are atoms and interparticle forces are strong covalent bonds. e.g., diamond, quartz, SiO2.
(d) Molecular solids Constituent particles are molecules and interparticle forces are hydrogen bonds of van der Waal's forces. e.g. solid CO2, 12 etc.
2. Liquids
Characteristics of liquids are as follows:
(i) Liquids have no detinite shape but have a definite volume.
(ii) Intermolecular torces operating between the molecules are weak due to which they can slide over one another but cannot escape the boundary in normal conditions.
(iii) Molecules are closely packed and associated with intermediate energy due to motion.
3.Gasess
Characteristics of gases are as follows:
(i) Gases have neither detinite shape nor volume.
(ii) Intermolecular forces operating between the molecules are very weak due to which their positions are not fixed and thus, they can move freely.
(iii) Molecules are wide apart and are associated with maximum energy.
(iv) Gases exert pressure on the walls of the container due to collision of molecules with the walls of the container.
-💧Note
Compressibility depends upon the intermolecular spaces between the particles of matter. Compressibility (infinite) intermolecular spaces
Solid< liquid<gas
To be continue...🌺
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